Monitor and if necessary control insects, especially wireworms, midge and heliothis. Examination of a microscopic view ofa section through. The continent produces about 20 million tonnes of sorghum per annum, about onethird of the world crop. Introduction, objectives and scientific principles john r. Nsw planting guide 200607 wide sowing windows occur for most areas. Phytate is principal storage form of phosphorus in many plant tissues yellow dent corn whole corn 0. Please view the pdf by using the full text pdf link under view to the left. It is essential that producers know the crop they are cultivating in order to develop the most effective production practices. Since the anatomical features of c4 plants are different from that of c3 plants, we investigated whether the systemic irradiance signal regulates leaf anatomical structure and photosynthetic performance in sorghum sorghum bicolor, a c4 plant. Cooperative extension service, university of arkansas grain sorghum production handbook guidelines.
Pdf origin, history, morphology, production, improvement. Genetic variability in high temperature effects on seedset in sorghum functional plant biology 20 40. Sorghum grain structure the small round seeds, characteristic of sorghum grain, contrast. Sorghum is a type of grain that is grown in the united states primarily to feed livestock, although it is also eaten by people in many other parts of the world. Plant morphology, the study of plant anatomy or form, is a reflection of ecological adaptation kaplan, 2001. Plant growth and physiology 1 section 4 sorghum fi fl february 2017 plant growth and physiology 4.
Root system the roots o f the sorghum plant can be divided into a primary and secondary root system. The aleurone contains proteins protein bodies, enzymes, ash phytin bodies and oil spherosomes. Click below on a thumbnail map or name for subspecies profiles. Sorghum production introduction sorghum sorghum bicolour l. As for sweet sorghum, 110 000 to 120 000 plantha have been found to be optimal for the rainy season in india. Sorghum is a canelike grass with stout and erect stems culms, 0. Dont plant grain sorghum unless the soil is wet to a minimum depth of 1 m.
Sorghum is similar to corn in the vegetative stage. The canadian food inspection agencys plant and biotechnology risk. All about growing sorghum growing sorghum is as simple as growing corn, and you can choose between growing grain sorghum milo, sorghum varieties known as broom corn, or sweet sorghum for making. Sorghum handbook white sorghum, the new food grain developing markets, enabling trade, improving lives. Sweet sorghum is a perennial crop in areas that dont have a winter freeze. Above average rainfall occurred in may 2000 which resulted in twin rows at any. It is divided based on floral morphology into five interfertile races bicolor. Figure 11 shows a young plant with three fully developed leaves.
Moench is an indigenous crop to africa, and though commercial needs and uses may change over time, sorghum will remain a basic staple food for many rural communities. Sorghum diseases and pests, description, uses, propagation. Forage sorghum is best adapted to warm regions and is particularly noted for its drought tolerance compared to corn. Changes induced by copper and cadmium stress in the. Food science, university of pretoria south africa john. Leaf anatomy of c3 plants is mainly regulated by a systemic irradiance signal. In one study, sorghum growth and yield were compared when planted in a single row on beds or planted in twin rows on beds with different plant populations under dryland or irrigation. Appropriate sorghum varieties must be chosen for each use, but all types are as easy to grow as corn. It is a perennial, tropical c4 grass capable of growing beyond physiological maturity of the grain. We plan to evaluate the potential of sweet sorghum as an ethanolproducing crop for nebraska. The leaf blades of young leaves are upright but the blades tend to bend downwards as leaves mature. Photo by jonathan walther, usdanrcs, tucson plant materials center alternate names activity in the soil is similar to the activity of a pre. Sorghum s importance as a feed grain has increased in the u. Some researchers will require more detailed information about the morphology and anatomy of, for instance, the leaf in relation to the canopy structure and.
Sorghum plants have a leaf area smaller than that of maize. Understanding how the grain sorghum plant develops begins with learning the structures and anatomy of the plant. Systemic regulation of leaf anatomical structure, photosynthetic. Anatomy and morphology of the vegetative organs of. Although a perennial plant by nature, grain sorghum is customarily grown as an annual crop. They may injure the plants leaf or fruit surface by piercing the plant cells with their chelicerae and sucking out the contents. Understanding crop growth and development begins with knowing its structures and anatomy. To manage the sorghum crop for maximum production, the producer must understand how the plant grows and develops and what factors affect its growth, development, and nutrient. The endosperm is a storage organ that is comprised of aleurone layer, peripheral, corneous and floury areas. Sorghum handbook agricultural marketing resource center. Pdf root systems determine the capacity of a plant to access soil water and their architecture can. Download 308 sorghum plants stock photos for free or amazingly low rates. Compared with growth under ambient conditions a, no. Orghum whats 05 sorghum is recognized to be the most important farm crop behind corn.
To manage the sorghum crop for maximum produc tion, the producer must understand how the plant grows and develops and what factors affect its growth, development, and nutrient uptake. Sorghum plants stock photos download 308 royalty free photos. Forage sorghum is a member of the sorghum family and is closely related to grain sorghum, broomcorn, sorghumsudangrass, and sudangrass. Sorghum grows best where summers are quite warm, with daytime temperatures. Grain sorghum crop production agronomy kansas state. Importance of sorghum in africa j r n taylor department of food science, university of pretoria, pretoria 0002, south africa, email. In the corn belt, sweet sorghum grows 10 to 15 feet tall during a growing. Planting sorghum with less than one metre of wet soil significantly reduces yields, increases the risk of crop failure and places a greater reliance upon incrop rainfall to produce an economic yield. Sorghum has an erect solid stem with one or more tillers additional shoot that grows subsequent to the parent shoot and curving leaves which are arranged alternately on the stems and are lancelike in shape, measuring 305 cm 1253 in in length. Avoid sowing too early cold or too late ergot and frosts. Anatomy and morphology of the vegetative organs of sorghum. Plant breeding efforts continue to improve the cold tolerance of sorghum for growth in the midwest. Sorghum bicolor cv atlas, a tallstemmed grain cultivar, was chosen as the model plant because stem size and anatomy enabled cell types to be conveniently separated in reasonable quantities. Staggenborg encyclopedia of life support systems eolss lands with low fertility.
All about growing sorghum organic gardening mother. The latter is especially true in the more drought prone areas of south africa where this hardy crop provides better household food security than maize. Grain sorghum is an annual grass similar in appearance to maize corn, although it has more tillers stems and more finely branched roots 2, 3, 10. As with many crops, most sorghum seeds should be planted in early to late spring, and planting too early or late can affect the. Unesco eolss sample chapters soils, plant growth and crop production vol. The stomatal density in newly developed leaves on sorghum plants after the ys treatment only young leaves. The plant likely originated in africa, where it is a major food crop, and has numerous varieties, including grain sorghums, used for food. In india sorghum is known as jowar, cholam, or jonna, in west africa as guinea corn, and in china as kaoliang. Plantfeeding mites can cause injury in several ways. The hybrids available for grain production may be either determinate. The plants database includes the following 3 subspecies of sorghum bicolor. Miller 8 states that the roots are more fibrous than those of corn and may form twice as many laterals at any stage of their development, making the sorghum plant. Thus further scientific progress crop plants, such as rice, maize or cotton. Due to the strong relationship between form and function, plant morphology has strong implications for.
Knowing how the sorghum plant develops is important in understanding how to manage the crop. Fall freeze damage in summer grain crops pdf grain sorghum production handbook pdf harvesting grain from freezedamaged sorghum pdf how a sorghum plant develops pdf kansas crop planting guide pdf kansas performance tests with grain sorghum hybrids. Pdf morphological and architectural development of root systems. Morphological and anatomical development of sorghum seed by eric kuochu ma, b.
One species is grown for grain, while many others are used as fodder plants, either cultivated in warm climates worldwide or naturalized in pasture lands. In the present contribution, the morphology and anatomy of the sorghmn plant is treated in some detail, since a knowledge of the structure of the matxire organs is of value to the geneticist and the pathologist. Pdf crop plant anatomy this page intentionally left blank crop. Plant anatomy and morphology a horticulturist who does not know the basic anatomy of plants is like is like a nurse that does not know basic human anatomy. Plant growth and physiologythe sorghum plantthe sorghum plants botanical name is sorghum bicolor l. Most of the time, sorghum seeds grow best in hot, dry climates and require less humidity than corn or wheat. Cells were separated for one selected internode from stems harvested at anthesis and grain maturity. Moench in serbia broomcorn in south eastern europe see is part of an important niche. This presentation will provide you with introductory.
One of the most versatile members of the grass family, sorghum sorghum bicolor can be grown for grain, crafting or for processing into sorghum syrup. Recognizing key plant structures understanding crop growth and development begins with knowing its structures and anatomy. Sorghum, sorghum bicolor, is an annual or perennial grass in the family poaceae grown primarily for its grain. Flowering sorghum seed head and vegetation in tucson, arizona.
Forage sorghum has higher temperature requirements than corn. The latter is especially true in the more drought prone areas of south africa where. Sorghum is a genus of flowering plants in the grass family poaceae. If the main panicle is damaged, branches can produce grain. Narrowrow grain sorghum production in kansas pdf stalk rots of corn and sorghum pdf. Similar letters on tops of corresponding bars indicate statistically nonsignificant differences at p. Seventeen of the 25 species are native to australia, with the range of some extending to africa, asia, mesoamerica, and certain islands in the indian and pacific oceans. Lingenfelser, in corn and grain sorghum comparison, 2014. Moench studies were conducted in the coastal bend region of texas over a twoyear period. Vanderlip sorghums importance as a feed grain has increased in the u. Many small holes remain on the leaf or fruit surface through which the plant may lose water after the mite has finished feeding. The seedhead is a panicle borne at the top of the plant. Sorghum is the only food grade crop that is reported to contain starch in this anatomical section. A thesis in crop science submitted to the graduate faculty of texas tech university in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of master of science \ approved j.